摘要：描述观点的重要性
1. One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is ......
2. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the .....
3. X is the leading cause of death in western industrialised countries.
4. X is a common disorder characterised by ......
5. Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and ......
6. Xs are the most potent anti-infammatory agents known.
7. X is an important component in the climate system, and plays a key role in Y.
8. In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for ......
9. In the history of development economics, X has been thought of as a key factor in .......
10. The issue of X has received considerable critical attention.
11. X is a major public health problem, and the cause of about 4% of the global burden of disease.
12. X is an increasingly important area in applied linguistics.
13. Central to the entire discipline of X is the concept of .......
14. X is at the heart of our understanding of ......
摘要：强调该研究领域的一个重要问题
1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......
2. However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......
3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.
4. Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:
5. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have notattained an adequate understanding of ......There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ......
6. Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.
7. Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ......
描述方法：描述不同的方法
1. To date various methods have been developed and introduced to measure X:
2. In most recent studies, X is measured in four different ways.
3. Radiographic techniques are the main non-invasive method used to determine ....
4. Different authors have measured X in a variety of ways.
5. Previous studies have based their criteria for selection on ......
6. A variety of methods are used to assess X. Each has its advantages and drawbacks.
7. Data were gathered from multiple sources at various time points during the 2007–2008 academic year.
解释为何采用一个特殊的方法
1. The semi-structured approach was chosen because ......
2. Smith et al (1994) identify several advantages of the case study, .......
3. It was decided that the best method to adopt for this investigation was to ......
4. A case study approach was chosen to allow a ......
5. The design of the questionnaires was based on ......
6. The X method is one of the more practical ways of ......
7. It was considered that quantitative measures would usefully supplement and extend the qualitative analysis.
8. Many of the distributions were not normal so non-parametric signed rank tests were run.
9. The X approach has a number of attractive features: ......
讨论：背景信息
1. A strong relationship between X and Y has been reported in the literature.
2. Prior studies that have noted the importance of ......
3. In reviewing the literature, no data was found on the association between X and Y.
4. As mentioned in the literature review, ......
5. Very little was found in the literature on the question of .....
6. This study set out with the aim of assessing the importance of X in ......
7. The third question in this research was ......
8. It was hypothesized that participants with a history of ......
9. The present study was designed to determine the effect of ......
